Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. National Syndromic Surveillance Program. The Surveillance Resource Center provides members of the public health surveillance community organized, easy access to guidance developed by CDC and its partners for improving the practice of surveillance. Public health surveillance refers to the collection, analysis, and use of data to target public health prevention. Principles and Uses of Surveillance Foege, Hogan, and Newton state that "the reason for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on a disease is to control that disease.
Table Establishing and Maintaining a Surveillance System What is worth doing is worth doing right. Figure Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance Data Surveillance information is analyzed by time, place, and person.
Surveillance as a Tool to Improve Public Health Managers need focused, timely, scientifically sound information that provides evidence to make decisions on interventions for improving the health of the population in their jurisdiction. Using Surveillance Information for Evidence-based Decisions A major gap in promoting effective surveillance lies between the production of data and the ability to convert those data into usable information and then initiate the appropriate public health action.
Role of Field Epidemiologists in Providing Evidence Developed countries have constructed their public health and disease control strategies by using the principles of field epidemiology. Strengthened field epidemiologic capacity can serve a country in the following specific areas: providing a response to acute problems.
Selected Surveillance Strategies Surveillance systems need to be designed and implemented to meet top management's needs for focused, reliable, timely evidence gathered efficiently and presented effectively. Sentinel Surveillance In a sentinel surveillance system, a prearranged sample of reporting sources agrees to report all cases of defined conditions, which might indicate trends in the entire target population Birkhead and Maylahn Periodic Population-based Surveys Population-based surveys can be used for surveillance if they are repeated on a regular basis Thacker and Berkelman Laboratory-based Surveillance The methods used for infectious disease surveillance form a spectrum that evolves with the economic development of a country.
Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response IDSR strategy, first developed in Africa, links epidemiologic and laboratory data in communicable disease surveillance systems at all levels of the health system, with emphasis on integrating surveillance with response WHO , Example: The Philippine National Epidemic Surveillance System In the late s, the Philippine Department of Health PDOH , relying on its integrated management information system, detected less than one outbreak per year in a population of more than 60 million people.
Informal Networks as Critical Elements of Surveillance Systems WHO and other agencies frequently receive telephone calls or informal reports about urgent health events. The Role of Surveillance in Major Outbreaks It seems incredible that a disease as devastating as AIDS could have spread silently to many countries over many years before it was detected and before effective control measures were implemented in the s.
Example: Surveillance and Global Response to SARS An epidemic of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology was detected in Guangdong province, China, in November , and control measures were instituted on the basis of the way the disease spread from person to person.
Example: Avian Influenza in Thailand The disastrous pandemic worldwide epidemic of influenza in is thought to have originated from epidemics in birds, as were the influenza pandemics of and Ungchusak and others Surveillance for Specific Conditions Surveillance systems are important tools for targeting, monitoring, and evaluating many health risks and interventions. Environmental Public Health Surveillance Surveillance for environmental public health practice requires the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data on hazards, exposures, and health outcomes figure Injury Surveillance Injuries are a major public health problem and are among the 10 leading causes of death worldwide, killing an estimated 5 million persons each year and causing high rates of disability.
Surveillance for Biologic Terrorism Surveillance for biologic terrorism is conducted primarily for outbreak detection and management. Early detection of outbreaks can be achieved by the following Buehler and others : timely and complete receipt, review, and investigation of disease case reports, including the prompt recognition and reporting to or consultation with health departments by physicians, health care facilities, and laboratories.
Complex Emergency Surveillance The key elements in planning a disaster surveillance system are establishing objectives, developing case definitions, determining data sources, developing simple data collection instruments, field testing the methods, developing and testing the analysis strategy, developing a dissemination plan for the report or results, and assessing the usefulness of the system. The role of surveillance in disaster situations has included the following broad framework of activities: predisaster activities for example, hazard mapping, provision of guidelines, and training for medical and rescue teams.
Surveillance in Refugee Populations Support of relief efforts following national and global disasters has been a relatively new application of epidemiologic practice for the public health professionals.
Although these relief efforts occurred many years and many thousands of miles apart, they shared several important characteristics: Large numbers of people were in fixed camps or on the move searching for food and shelter.
These needs were usually addressed by external aid agencies and many times caused local environmental degradation fuel, temporary housing, water pollution, and so on. Refugees, after the initial phase, competed with indigenous populations for scarce jobs, leading to social strife and stress. Refugees were also exploited and suffered violence—additional factors leading to stress and social maladjustment.
No administrative structure to provide and coordinate assistance of the necessary magnitude existed before the crisis, and thus, it had to be created after the fact.
Assistance was complicated by the uncertainty associated with military activity, crime, and hostile governments. Data that were relatively simple to gather and analyze provided health workers and administrators information needed to plan and monitor assistance and its impact.
Chronic Disease Surveillance Systems Development and evaluation of policies for health improvement require a reliable assessment of the burden of disease and injury, an inventory of the disposition of resources for health, assessment of the policy environment, and information on the cost effectiveness of interventions and strategies.
Future of Surveillance Public health agencies, ministries of finance, and international donors and organizations need to transform surveillance from dusty archives of laboriously collected after-the-fact statistics to meaningful measures that provide accountability for local health status or that deliver real-time early warnings for devastating outbreaks. Realization of this future vision does not require technology beyond what is already feasible, but the following factors are needed: the organizational and political will to develop and coordinate the needed systems and standards that will enable those systems.
Global Surveillance Networks Globally, infectious disease surveillance is implemented through a loose network that links parts of national health care systems with the media, health organizations, laboratories, and institutions focusing on particular disease conditions. Research Agenda in Public Health Surveillance Developing nations share surveillance needs with the rest of the world, yet they are challenged by economic limitations, weak public health infrastructure, and the overwhelming challenges of poverty and disease.
Yet in this rapidly emerging field, critical needs exist, including the following: competent, motivated health workers. Conclusion Public health surveillance is an essential tool for ministries of finance, ministries of health, and donors to effectively and efficiently allocate resources and manage public health interventions. References Binder S. The Role of the Epidemiologist in Natural Disasters. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Birkhead, G. Teutsch and R. Churchill, New York: Oxford University Press.
Buehler J. CDC U. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Clavel-Arcas, C. Chacon, and A. Concha-Eastman, A.
Darby, Paul. Dean, A. Churchill, — Effler P. Journal of the American Medical Association. Elbasha E. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Fan, E. Manila: Asian Development Bank. Foege W. Surveillance Projects for Selected Diseases. International Journal of Epidemiology. Greenland, S. Brookmeyer and D. Stroup, — Herikstad H. Epidemiology and Infection. Heymann, D. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. Heymann D. Holder, Y. Peden, and E. Injury Surveillance Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. Holtzman, D. McQueen and P. New York: Kluwer Academic Press.
Kelly, A. Haddix, K. Scanlon, C. Helmick, and J. Gold, J. Siegel, L. Russell, and M. Weinstein, — Kew O. Lober W. Information System Architectures for Syndromic Surveillance. Mack T. The Ghost of Pandemics Past. McGeehin M. Environmental Health Perspectives. Meehan P. Meltzer M. Introduction to Health Economics for Physicians. Murray C. Lopez, eds. Narasimhan V. Responding to the Global Human Resources Crisis. Noe R. Injury Prevention. Nsubuga P. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. BMC Public Health.
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Epidemiologic Reviews. The Science of Public Health Surveillance. Journal of Public Health Policy. Thacker, S. Brownson and D. Petitti, — Armenian and S. Shapiro, 61— American Journal of Public Health. Ungchusak K. Agency for International Development. GAO U. General Accounting Office. Washington, DC: U. Spotlight On Visit SEER. Updated: April 15, Job Opportunities.
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